Nursing Sikul Dinchhuaktu

Florence Nightingale-i

(1820-1910)

“I stand at the altar of the murdered men, and, while I live, I fight their cause.” (Florence Nightingale)

By: Joseph Saia

A naupan lai:

            Pu William Shore Nightingale-a leh Pi Frances Nightingale-i te chu British mi niin a hun laia chhûngkaw hausa leh neinung tak an ni a, vântlâng zîngah leh politics-ah pawh an lâr hle a ni. An inneih hnu hian kum hnih chhûng teh meuh honeymoon hmangin Europe ram pum pui an fang a. Italy rama Florence khuaa an zin lai kum 1820, May ni 12-ah fanu hmêlṭha tak an nei a. Chu an fanu hmêlṭha tak leh duhawm tak chu a pianna khaw hming chawiin ‘Florence’ tiin a hming an sa ta a ni. Florence-i hian pianpui laizawn pakhat a nei a, a hming chu Parthenope-i a ni. Florence-i chu a naupang zâwk a ni a, a hmêl a ṭhain a duhawm hle a, a nu leh pate pawhin an duat bîk hle a ni. ‘Florence’ tih hming hi tûn hma chuan mipa hming atân chauhva hman ṭhîn a ni a; mahse, he nu rothap leh tumruh tak hian ‘Florence’ tih hming a put avângin khawvêla hmeichhe tam tak pawhin he hming hi an lo pu ve ta zêl a ni.                            

            Kum 1821-ah a nu leh pate chu Italy aṭangin England-ah an kîr a. Chutih lai chuan Florence-i chu kum 1 mi chauh a la ni a. A pa chuan Hampshire biala Embley khuaah leh Derbyshire biala Lea Hurst khuaah huan zau tak a nei a. Chûng huan zau takah chuan an chhûngkaw chênna tûr in lian leh ropui tak a sa a. An fanu Florence-i chu Derbyshire-a an huan zau tak Lea Hurst-ah chuan enkawlin lehkha an zirtîr ṭhîn a.

            Mi hausa chhûngkua an nih angin a nu chuan ṭhenrual pawl nuam a tiin mi zînga ṭawngka leh chêtzia hmanga intihhmingthan leh mahni nihna dik tak aia mawi leh ṭha zâwka inlâr chhuah a duh hle ṭhîn a. Mahse, a fanu Florence-i erawh chuan mi dang bula khawsak leh intihropui lam a duh ngai hauh lo thung a. A nu duh dâna a awm duh ngai loh avângin an nufa inkârah buaina a chhuak fo va, a nu chuan na tak taka a zilhhau châng pawh a tam hle a ni. Florence-i erawh chuan a nu hmangaihna leh duhsaknate chu a hre thiam thei lo va, a chungah khuahkhirhna khauh tak tak a chelek niin a ngai tlat thung a ni.

Zirna:

          Florence-i pian hun lai hian England rama nu leh pa tam zâwkte chuan hmân laia Mizo nu leh pa te ang thovin hmeichhiate tâna lehkha zir chu an ngai pawimawh lo hle a, hmeichhiaten lehkha an zir ve chu thil ṭûlah pawh an ngai hlawm lo a ni. Hetih hun laia nu leh pa tam zâwk chuan ‘Hmeichhiate chu pasal neia fa hring tûr an ni mai,’ tih ngaih dân tlânglawn tak an nei vek a. Mahse, Florence-i pa erawh chuan hmeichhiate pawh lehkha zirtîra mi puitling taka chher chhuah theih an ni tih chiang taka a hriat avângin a fanu kum 5 mi Florence-i chu chhiarkawp chi hrang hrang zirtîr tûrin a hun laia zirtîrtu hmingthang James Joseph Sylvester-a chu pawisa tam tak pein a ruai a. Chu mai chu duh tâwk lovin amah ngeiin Latin, Greek, German, French leh Italian ṭawng te a zirtîr ṭhîn a. History, philosophy leh chhiarkawp te pawh nasa takin a zirtîr a, a hun laia hmeichhe naupangten an zir theih ang chin chu a zir chhuak vek a ni.

            Naupang tê a nih lai aṭangin naupang danglam, mi lainat leh khawngaih thei tak a ni a, damlo enkawl leh daikil kâra mi retheite ṭanpui chu nuam a ti ṭhîn hle a. An ṭhenawm hnaivaia mi rethei damlo leh damdawiina damlote pawh a kan kual dên dên ṭhîn a. A mihringpuite tâna rawngbâwlsak chu a naupang laia a nuam tih ber leh a hlimna ber a ni ṭhîn. Kum 16 mi a nihin damlo enkawl leh mi rethei chhuanchhamte ṭanpui hna chu Pathian kohna niin a pawm thlap tawh a. Chu chu a nuna Pathian thil tum leh a rawngbâwlna tûra Pathian remruat a ni tih pawh a ring tlat a ni.

            Damlo enkawl leh mi retheite ṭanpuia chhawmdâwl chu Pathianin a kohna a ni tih a nu leh pate hnênah pawh a sawi fo ṭhîn a. Mahse, a nu leh pate chuan damlo enkawltu nurse nih chu hmeichhe tih chi niin an hre lo va, duh pawh an duh nahek lo. Florence-i hi tleirâwl hmêlṭha, sar veng vawng, ria sâng thlerh thlawrh a ni a, hlim thei tak, zaidam leh nunnêm tak a nih avângin a nu leh pate chuan an chhuang ru hle ṭhîn a. Zirna sâng taka kaltîra mi hausa fanu a nih anga mite zah leh ngaihsân tak nihtîr an tum tlat a; mahse, chu chu Florence-i hian a duh hauh lo thung a. Kum 1845-ah Florence-i chuan Nurse zirna sikul-a kal a duh thu chu a nu leh pate hnênah tlang takin a sawi chhuak ta hial a; mahse, a nu leh pate chuan a thil zir tum chu chawtak khûka han khûkpui chiam chi niin an hre lo va, a thusawi pawh chu barah an khawnsak duh lo va, a thil tum chu an remti lo va a ni. 

            Florence-i chuan nurse nih a tum tlat avângin a nu leh pate rilru a hah ṭhîn hle a. Nurse zirna sikul-a kal lo tûrin vawi eng emaw zât an thlêm a. Mahse, Florence-i chuan mangangte ṭanpui a, damlote enkawltu nurse nih chu Pathian kohna a ni tih chiang taka a hriat avângin a nu leh pate beiseina chu han tihhlawhtlinsak theih chi ziazâng niin a hre lo va. A nu leh pate pawh an fanu lâkah chuan an beidawng ru hle ṭhîn a ni.

            Hetih hun lai hian nurse hna chu mipui mi mir ngaihnêp ber hna a ni a, lehkha thiam lo, zirna pawh nei lo, mi rethei leh mi hnuaihnungte thawh tâwk lekah an ngai a. Mi in leh lova inhlawhfa satliah ai pawha an hlawh a tlêm zâwk avângin tu mahin hna zahawmah an ngai meuh lo a ni. Nurse hna thawka inhlawhfate chu thianghlim leh fai taka khawsa mi an nih lêm loh avângin a nu leh pate chuan nurse hna thawhtîr chu engti zawng mahin an remti thei lo va. An beidawn hle a, tihngaihna an hriat tawh loh hnuah chuan an fanu kum 17 mi lek chu pasal neih luihtîr an tum ta ngawt a. Mahse, Florence-i chuan a pasal tûr atâna a nu leh paten an lo hual lâwk mi fing leh lehkha ziak mi Richard Monckton Milnes-a chu huai takin a hnâwl hmiah a, a nu leh pate pawh an zak hle a ni.

Ram pâwnah an zintîr:

            An fanuin hna hautak leh hnuaihnung ber mai thawh a thlang zâwk tlat mai chu hriat thiam harsa an ti hle a. A rilru thlâkthlenga a thil tum a bânsan theih beiseiin an chhûngkaw ṭhian Charles-a leh a nupui Selina Bracebridge-i te chu an fanu zin khawthawngpui tûrin an ngên ta ngawt mai a. Tichuan, kum 1847 khân Charles-a te nupa chuan Florence-i chu Europe khawmual fangin ram hrang hrangah an zin kualpui ta a. Kum 1948 khân Rome khawpui an tlawh a. Heta an châm chhûng hian Florence-i chuan Roman Catholic sikul hrang hrang a tlawh kual a. Roman Catholic sister Madeleine Sophie Barat-in kum 1800-a a din Sacred Heart Convent phei chu ṭha a tiin a ngaisâng lehzual a. An inkaihruai dân leh an kalphungte zir chiang tûrin an zîngah ni 10 lai a châm nghe nghe a ni.

            Rome khawpuia an châm chhûng bawk hian Florence-i chuan a hnu zêla hlawhtlinna rahbi a rah chhoh zêlna atâna mi pawimawh leh ṭangkai tak la ni tûr Sidney Herbert-a a tawng hlauh mai a. Pu Herbert-a chu hetih hun lai hian Secretary of War an tih England rama sipai dinhmun sâng tak chelh mêk a ni a, Florence-i te awmna Walshire bial, Lea khuaa mi hmingthang leh thiltithei tak a ni nghe nghe. Florence-i leh Pu Herbert-a te hi inhmu ngai lo leh inhre ngai lo mah ni se, rilru inhnaih tak, mi dang puih duhna thinlung pu tlat mi an ni a, tum thuhmun nei an nih ve ve avângin an inṭhian ṭhain an lên tlâk pawh a rual hle a ni.

            Kum 1849 khân Europe ram hrang hrangah a zin chhuak leh a. Hemi ṭum hian Greece khawpui Athen leh Rome ramte a tlawh a. Athen khawpuia a awm lai hian tlâi khat chu kawtthlêrah a veivâk a. Chumi tlâi chuan kawtthlêra naupang ninhlei hovin chhimbuk an lo chhaih vêl chiam lai tak hi a va hmu a. Chutia sava duhawm leh mawi tak chhaih a, tihnawmnah atâna an lo hmang vêl mai mai a hmuh chuan Florence-i chuan chu chhimbuk duhawm tak chu a lainat hle mai a, enkawl atân a lâksak ta daih mai a, ‘Athena’ tiin hming mawi tak a phuahsak ta nghe nghe a ni. He chhimbuk hi Florence-i ṭhian ṭha ber leh a nun tihlimtu ber a ni a, a dam chhûng zawngin a kalna apiangah a hruai ve ta zêl a ni.  

            Florence-i chuan Europe ram zawng zawng a tlawh chhuak deuh vek tawh a. Chûng ramah chuan miten nurse hna chu an lo ngaisâng hle a ni tih a hre ta a, nurse hna zir chu a châk tulh tulh ta mai a ni. Paris khawpuia a awm laiin Roman Catholic kohhran St. Vincent de Paul sister pahnih nên an inhmu a. Florence-i chuan nurse hna zir a châk thute a hrilh a. Anni chuan Alexandria-a an hmunpui lam an lo kawhhmuh a. Florence-i chuan chu hmua nurse hna zir chu a châk hle mai a, kal ngei tumin a rilru a siam fel ta a.

            Europe ram pum pui a fan chhuah hnu chuan Aigupta ram a pan ta a. Tichuan, sister pahnihin an kawhhmuhna Alexandria-a an hmunpui Institute of St. Vincent de Paul chu a va tlawh ta a. He hmunah hian thla eng emaw zât châmin an kalphung leh inkaihruai dânte a zir chiang a, damlo an enkawl dân leh an tuamhawm dân tam tak a zir chiang bawk a ni. Hêng bâkah hian Florence-i chuan nurse zirna sikul leh damdawi in hrang hrangte a tlawh kual a, chuta ṭang chuan damdawi in enkawl dân leh nurse-te tâna inthununna ṭha a pawimawhzia pawh a zir chhuak nual a ni. Hemi hnu hian Nile luipui kam fangin a hun a hmang a. Chutia a hun a hman mêk lai chuan Pathian kohna a dawn dânte chu ngun takin a ngaihtuah nawn a. A chhinchhiahna lehkhabuah pawh a thil tawn makziate chu a ziak zêl a. Cairo khawpuia an awm lai pawhin Pathian kohna mak tak a dawng leh a. Chûng zawng zawng chu Florence-i chuan fel takin ziakin a chhinchhiah thlap a ni.   

Nursing Sikul:

            Kum 1800 chho te kha chuan Nursing sikul hian mite ngaihven leh bengkhawn a la hlawh lo hle a, England ramah phei chuan nurse zirna sikul tia han sawi tûr pawh a la mûmal lo a ni. A hun laia mi rethei naupangte tâna rawngbâwltu Elizabeth Fry-i leh a thawhpuite chuan Jail tâng kan leh damlo enkawl hna an thawk nasa hle a. Chutianga an hnathawhnate leh hma lâknate aṭang chuan Nursing sikul din chu an rilruah a lian hle a; mahse, chuti taka mite ngaihven leh bengkhawn thil a nih loh avângin harsatna tam tak an tâwk a. Damlo enkawl leh Jail tângte tlawh ṭhîn chu an rawngbâwlna leh hma lâkna ropui ber a la ni a, rawngbâwl dân kalhmang leh tih dân phung fel tak erawh a la awm hran lo.

            Nursing sikul hi a tîr takah chuan mahni pawha inenkawl thei lo, damlote tâna buatsaih a ni ṭhîn a. Chutianga mi rethei damlo an enkawlna leh mahnia intithianghlim thei lote an enkawlna chu an rawngbâwlna ni berah an ngai a. Mi dangte tâna an inpêkna leh rawngbâwl an duhna chu Nursing sikul Movement bul inṭanna a lo ni reng mai a ni.

            Kum zabi 19-naa Europe khawmual pum puia khawtlâng nun siam ṭhatna (Social Reformation) a lo thlen khân damdawi lam thiamna pawh a lo sâng chho ve hret hret a, chutih rualin Nursing sikul pawh nasa takin a ṭhang chho ve nghâl a. Hetih hun lai hian nurse quality ṭha tak tak neih duhna a lianin nurse training center-te pawh din an tum fo tawh a; mahse, a tak ram erawh an la thleng mai thei hrih lo a ni.

          Kum 1836-ah Lutheran Pastor Theodore Fliedner-a te nupain Germany rama khaw pakhat Kaiserwerth-ah nursing zirna kalphung ṭha zâwkin an kalpui ṭan ta a. He hmuna nurse zirlaite chu uniform fel fai takin an siamsak a. Nurse zirlaite tân pawh dân leh hrâi khauh tak tak zâm a ni bawk a. Hetih hun lai hian Nurse training-na hmun chu sakhaw zirtîrna nêna kaihkawp deuh vek a nih avângin inkhuahkhirhna pawh sakhaw inkaihhruaina nêna kalpui a ni tlângpui a ni. ‘Nurse zir tûr chu hmeichhia kum 18 tling tawh chin a ni tûr a ni. A hrisêlna a ṭha tâwk tih doctor hnên aṭanga hriatpuina lehkha (medical certificate) leh pastor hnên aṭanga a nungchang hriatpuina certificate an nei ngei tûr a ni,’ tihte a tel ṭhîn a. Mi nazawng zir theih leh duh duha zir ngawt theih pawh a ni lo a ni.

            Nursing Sikul chu sakhaw inzirtîrna nêna kalpui a nih avângin damlo enkawl dân leh damdawi hman dânte pawh uluk zâwkin an zirtîr a. An damlo enkawlte taksa leh thlarau nun mamawh anga enkawl thiam tûr pawhin an inzirtîr nasa hle ṭhîn a ni.

GERMANY RAMAH NURSE HNA A ZIR:

            Hetih hun lai hian Florence-i chuan damlo enkawl lam chu a tui mai ni lovin nurse hna zir chu a châk ṭhîn hle a, Nursing sikula nurse hna zir mawlh chu mut mawh hnâr mawh berah a neih ta a ni. A nu leh pate chuan nursing sikul-a kal chu an tuipui lo hle thung a, kal lo tûra an tih pawhin Florence-i chuan a tum chu ṭhulh a tum chuang hauh lo. A hun laia damdawi lam mi thiam leh nursing lama tui mite a hmêlhriatna azârah Florence-i chuan a tum chu hlen chhuah theih a inring tlat a.

            Kum 1850-ah khân a unau hmeichhe pakhat nên Germany ramah an zin a. Chumi ṭumah chuan Rhine lui kam, Kaiserswerth khuaa Pastor Theodor Fliedner-a enkawl Lutheran Hospital a tlawh a. Pastor Fliedner-a’n damlo enkawl tûra nurse-ho a zirtîr dân a hmuhin a rilrua mei mit thei lo nurse hna zir chu a châk lehzual a. Florence-in nurse hna zir a châk hle a ni tih Pastor Fliedner-a’n a hriat chuan Florence-i chu a khawngaihin a lainat hle mai a, a tâwpah chuan Florence-i chu a enkawlna hnuaia nurse zirlai ni tûrin a inziak lût ve ta nge nge a.

            He sikul hi nurse hna zirna sikul hmasa ber a nih avângin an inkhaihhruai dân pawh a khirhin a khauh hle a ni. An inkaihhruai dân leh enkawl dân chu khirhkhân hle mah se, Florence-i chuan damlo enkawl dân leh hliam sawngbâwl dânte chu theihtâwp chhuahin a zir ngar ngar a. Chuta a thil zir chhuah leh tawnhriat zawng zawngte chu kum 1851-ah ‘The Institution of Kaiserswerth on the Rhine, for the Practical Training of Deaconesses’ tiin lehkhabuah a chhuah a, hei hi Florence-i lehkhabu tihchhuah hmasak ber a lo ni ta a ni.

            An zirtîrtu Fliedner-a’n nurse zirlaite a enkawl dân leh a kaihhruai dân chu Florence-i chuan ṭha a ti hle a. Amaherawhchu, sakhuana nêna kaihkawp a ni erawh chu ṭha a ti lo hle thung a. Florence-i chuan sakhuana nêna inkaihhnawih lo nurse training sikul chu England ramah din theih ngei a beisei tlat a, chu a beiseina chuan a nun pawh a kaihruai nasa hle a ni.

ENGLAND-AH A HAW:

            Nursing sikul-a a zirnate a zawh hnu chuan England ramah a haw a. Chawlh pawh la lovin London leh Edinburgh khawpuia damdawi in hrang hrangte a tlawh kual a. Chumi hnu chuan London khawpuia Middlesex damdawi inah a thawk nghâl a. Taima tak leh ṭhahnemngai taka hna a thawh avângin kum 1853, August ni 22-ah London khawpui, No. 1 Upper Harley Street-a hmeichhe damdawi in lian ber The Establishement Gentlewomen damdawi inah Superintendent atân ruat a ni a. Heta a thawh lai hian an damdawi inah hri ṭha lo a lêng chiam a. Amah ngei pawh kawṭhalo (cholera) natnain a tlâkbuak ve avângin thih ngam tak meuhvin a dam lo va. Chutah chiah chuan Florence-i hian êk in leh zunram thiarna hmun tihthianghlim a pawimawhzia chiang takin a hria a. Hemi ṭuma a dam lohna hi a rawngbâwl zêlna kawnga zirtîrtu ṭha tak a lo ni ta hial a ni.

Crimean indona:

            Chutia damlo leh bawrhsâwm taka a awm lai chuan a nu leh paten an fanu chu an ngaihtuah hle a. A hna chawlhsana an hnêna haw leh tûra an beisei avângin thla tin chêng 500 (Chêng 500 hi tûnlai mila chhût dâwn chuan Pound 40,000/US dollar 65,000 hu a ni.) an thawn ṭhîn a; mahse, Florence-i chuan a hna thawh mêk chu bânsan mai a tum hauh lo va. Kum khat pawh a thawh zawh hmain Crimean indona (Crimean War) chu kum 1853, September thla khân Europe ram chhak lamah a lo chhuak ta a.

            He indona hi Ottoman Empire awp tumna avânga lo chhuak a ni ber mai a. He indonaah hian British, France leh Turkey ṭangrual sipaiten Russia an do rawn a. Russia chuan Europe khawchhak lama a lalram zauh zêl a tum avângin kum 1783 aṭanga Turks-ho enkawlna hnuaia Crimea ram chu a hnehchhuh ta mai a. Chu mai duh tâwk lovin Black Sea leh Balkans phaikuam zawng zawng chu pâwng lâk a tum ta zêl a. Chutia Russia a inluling vêl chu France leh British ten mupui angin mit khap lêk lovin an lo thlithlai reng a, Russia a huangtau zêl avângin British, France leh Turkey ṭangrual sipaite chuan Russia an do rawn ta a ni.

            Indo ṭan tîrh chuan British sawrkârin a sipai 94,000 chu Europe khawchhak lama Black Sea-ah a tîr a. Mahse, inkal pawhna a ṭhat loh avângin British sipaite chuan supply an tlachham nghâl der a. Indonaa a chan chhe zâwka an ṭan avângin British sipaite chu an tlâwm titih der ta mai a. Indona khêlmualah chuan silai mu lêng avângin British sipai 2,660-in nunna an chân a, hliampui tuar ringawt pawh mi 18,000 lai an tling hman a ni. Hetianga Bristish sipai an thih chiamna chhan hi sawi tûr tam tak a awm a, London-a sipai rorêl khawl (War Office) lamin hriatna an tlâkchham avângin thutlûkna an siam dân a fuh tâwk lo niin indo chanchin chhui mite chuan an sawi a. A chhan chu hetih hun laia sipai hruaitu ṭhenkhat chuan Crimea ram hi khawiah nge a awm tih pawh fumfê takin an hre lo va, boruak inlumlet dân leh a ram chanchin an hriat chian loh avângin an inbuatsaih dân pawh a ṭha tâwk lo tih a chiang hle a ni.  

            Indona a chhuah phat aṭangin war correspondent W.H. Russell-a chuan The Times of London chanchinbu kal tlangin London khawpuia War Office hruaitute hnênah indo khêlmuala British sipaite dinhmun leh an chanchin zawng zawng a hriattîr zêl a. Chutih lai chuan Crimea rama damdawi inah medical nurse pakhat mah an la awm lo va. Indonaa hliam tuar British sipaite enkawl ṭhat an nih lohzia leh damdawi an tlâkchham thute England mipuiin an hriat chuan zahthlâk an ti a. Chu vâng chuan British sawrkâr pawhin sipai damlo enkawl tûr medical nurse a mamawh thu leh damdawi lam inenkawlna bungrua an mamawh thu ‘The Times’ chanchinbu kal tlangin a tlângzarh ta chiam mai a. Chu chanchin dêngkhâwng zet chuan Florence-i rilru a khawih hle mai a. Chutih lai tak chuan indona lama an hruaitu leh nihna sâng ber chelhtu Secretary of War, Sidney Herbert-a chuan Florence-i hnênah hliam bawisâwmtu an awm loh thu leh indo khêlmualah chuan amah ngei kal tûra a beisei thu lehkha thawnin a hrilh ta chawt mai a. Florence-i chuan chu chu Pathian kohna a taka a hman theihna hun remchâng ber nia a hriat avângin a hun puma sipai damlo leh hliam tuarte enkawl tûr chuan a rilru a siam ta a.

            Sidney Herbert-a ngenna angin kum 1854, October ni 21-ah Florence-i chuan British sipai damlo leh hliam tuarte enkawl tûrin Elizabeth Fry-i leh Catholic Archbishop Henry Edward Manning-a Nurse training sikul-a nurse ṭhenkhat leh damdawi in hrang hranga Catholic hmeichhe nurse volunteer mi 38 lai mai hruaiin Turkey ram an pan ta a. November ni 4, 1854-ah British sipaiho awmna Selimiye Barrack, Scutari hmun chu tluang takin an thleng a. A hmun an thlen chuan sipai damlo leh hliam tuarte chu an lo ṭhahnem tawh hle a. Chûng sipai damlo leh hliam tuarte chuan enkawltu leh tuamhlawmtu an neih loh avângin Florence-i leh a ṭhiante an lo kal tih an hriat chuan an lâwm hle a ni.

            Scutari khua an thlen veleh Florence-i chuan damdawi in leh a chhehvêl chu ngun takin a endik vek a. Damlo an enkawlna damdawi in chu a lian tâwk lo va, an chaweina hmun leh zunram thiarna hmuh te pawh a ṭawpin a thianghlim bawk lo va; tin, damlo khum a tlêmin damdawi pawh a beitham hle tih a hmu nghâl a. Florence-i chuan thawh tûr leh tih tûr awm apiang chu thawh nghâl bawrh bawrh duh mah se, sipai hmun a nih avângin an hotute thu ngaichânga awm ve mai chu ṭha zâwkin a hria a.

          An thlen hlim chuan Florence-i leh a thawhpuite chuan harsatna neuh neuh an tâwk nghâl a. Sipai hmuna mipa doctor-te chuan Florence-i leh a ṭhiante lo kal chu an lo lâwm vak lo va. Sipai damlo leh hliam enkawl chu hmeichhe nurse-te tih tûrah pawh an ngai lo va. Hmeichhe nurse-te chu damdawi in tifaitu atân chuahva hman an lo tum avângin Florence-i pawh a lungawi lo hle a; mahse, he hmun hi Pathianin a tîrhna hmun a ni tih chiang taka a hriat avângin a zâm duh chuang hauh lo va. Balaclava indona, Alma indona leh Inkerman indona aṭanga British sipai damlo leh hliam an lo tam tâk hle chinah chuan loh theih lova hmeichhe nurse-te an chêt a lo ṭûl ve ta a. Tichuan, Florence-i leh a ṭhiante chuan an puan ven sawi chhîngin beihpui an han thlâk ta tak tak a, an hnaah pawh an phûr tlâng hle a ni.

British soldiers, wounded in the Crimea, arrive at Florence Nightingale’s hospital in Scutari

            Scutari damdawi inah chuan ni tinin sipai eng emaw zât an thi a, za zêla sawmli paruk (46%) an thi niin an chhût a, chûng zînga a tam zâwk chu hliam vânga thi aiin natna inkai chhawn avânga thi an tam zâwk niin an chhût bawk. He damdawi inah hian typhoid, santen leh khawṭhalo hri a lêng nasa hle a. A hmun a thianghlim tâwk loh avânga hri lêng chuan mi tam tak nunna a suat a, chu vâng chuan Florence-i leh a thawhpui nurse-te chuan damdawi in leh a chhehvêl zawng zawng chu fai leh thianghlim takin an vawng a. A tîr chawlhkâr hnih chhûng phei chu hahchawlhna leh mut hun pawh an nei meuh lo tih tûr khawpin an thawk nasa a ni.

            Florence-i chuan an ei rawngbâwlna hmun leh zun êk thiarna hmun rimchhe tak takte pawh a thian fai vek zêl a. An zun êk thiarna a tihfai mai bâkah an mutbu nalamin ṭha tak leh thianghlim takin a suksak vek a. Chuta ṭang chuan damlo pawh an tlêm hret hret a, hun rei lo tê chhûngin damlo hmun thuma ṭhena hmun hnihin an tlêm phah a. Florence-i leh a thawhpuite chuan damlo mangangte leh beidawnga rûmte chu dawhthei leh duat taka enkawl zêlin khawngaihna leh lainatna chu damlo an enkawlna kawnga hmanraw pawimawh ber atân an hmang ta zêl a ni.

Hospital ward; Scutari (Üsküdar); Crimean War

            Damlo enkawl chungchângah Florence-i chu a fimkhur hle a. A hnuaia a thawhpui zawng zawngte chu uniform thianghlim tak a haktîr vek a. Sipai damlote pawhin Florence-i leh a thawhpui nurse-te chu an zahin an ngaisâng hle a, an hnathawh dân leh hma lâkna te chu hahîp tak meuh meuhvin an sawi hlawm a. Chutianga theihtâwp an chhuah avâng chuan hun rei lo tê chhûngin Florence-i leh a thawhpuite hma lâkna ropui tak chu Kumpinu leh England mipuite beng a lo thleng ta hial a ni.

            Florence-i chuan khawvêla chanchin bu lâr ber The Times-ah British sipai damlote tâna êk in ṭha neih a pawimawhzia a târ lan hnu chuan British sawrkâr pawhin êk in ṭha neih chu a ngai pawimawh ta hle a. Tichuan, a hun laia England rama thil siam chhuaktu hmingthang ber Isambard Kingdom Brunel-a chu indona hmuna hman tûr êk in ṭha tak siam tûrin mawhphurhna a pe a. Chuta ṭang chuan indona hmuna Britist sipai thi pawh an tlêm phahin damlo za zêla pahnih (2%) emaw chauh thi ang an lo ni ta hial a ni.

Pi khâwnvâr khaii: (The Lady with the Lamp)

            Florence-i chuan sipai damlote enkawl chu Pathianin a kohna leh a tih tûr a kova innghat niin a hria a, amah pawhin thawh nuam a ti hle a. Nurse dangte an mut tawh hnu zânlaiah te pawh khâwnvâr khâiin damlote a kan kual den den ṭhîn a. Chutianga a thim a vâr pawh thlu lova Ward hrang hrang fangkuala damlo leh na tuarte a enkawl ṭhîn avâng chuan Florence-i chu ‘Pi Khâwnvâr Khâii’ (‘The Lady with the Lamp’) tiin hming lem an phuah a, mi ṭhenkhat phei chuan Pi Angel-i (The Angel of Crimea) tiin an ko hial a ni. Florence-i hian ‘Pi Khâwnvâr Khaii’ tih hming hi a phu hliah hliah a, hetianga indona hmuna huaisen taka sipai hliamte a lo enkawlna hi khawvêl history-ah nawh reh theih a ni tawh ngai dâwn lo a ni.

            Hetih hun lai hian ‘Florence’ tih hming hi khawvêl pum puiah a lâr êm êm mai a. A hun laia America thawnthu phuah thiam ber pâwla an sawi Henry Wadsworth Longfellow-a pawhin kum 1857-a a thawnthu ziah ‘Santa Filomena’-ah tihian a ziak a;

Lo! in that house of misery A lady with a lamp I see Pass through the glimmering gloom, And flit from room to room.

Pi Khâwnvâr Khâii

            Scutari hmuna sipai damlote enkawla a thawhrim êm avângin Florence-i chu thih ngamin a dam lo va, a sam te pawh a tla kawlh vek a. Vânneihthlâk takin amah pawh thi lova ruangin a dam khawchhuak leh hrâm a. Florence-i dam loh thu chu England lalnu Queen Victoria leh Prince Albert-a te beng a lo thleng ta hial a. Queen Victoria chuan Florence-i chu a khawihngaihin a lainat hle a, War Office-a dah tûrin a ti hial a ni. Chutianga a nunna hlauhthawnawm dinhmuna a awm avâng chuan England-a a chhûngte leh a nu leh pate chuan an ngaihtuahin a hna kalsana England-a haw tûrin an ti a. Mahse, Florence-i chuan indona a reh hma loh chuan a hna chu chawlhsan a tum chuang hauh lo.

            Kum 1856, March ni 30-a Paris inremna (Paris Treaty) an siam hnu khân Crimean indona chu a lo tâwp ta a. Amaherawhchu, British sipai-ten Turkey ram an la chhuahsan loh avângin Florence-i pawh chu haw mai lovin sipai damlote a la enkawl chhunzawm zêl a. Indona a reh fela damlo enkawl tûr an awm tawh loh hnu chuan haw tûrin  a inbuatsaih a. Tichuan, indona hmun Crimea chu chhuahsanin kum 1856, August ni 7 khân England-ah a haw ve ta a. Hetih hun lai hi England ramin a sipai huaisen tâwpthangte leh râlhrâtte chawimawina hun a hman mêk lai a nih avângin England mipuite chuan mi ropui an hmuah ṭhîn ang bawkin Florence-i chu ropui takin an lo hmuak a, a hnathawh ṭhat leh thiltih ṭhat avângin mipuiin nasa takin an chawimawi bawk a ni.

Nightingale fund leh nursing sikul hmasa ber:

          Crimea indona hmun aṭanga a lo haw chuan amah chawimawina inkhâwm ropui taka buaisaih a ni a. Chumi ṭumah chuan England lalnu Queen Victoria-in taima tak leh ṭhahnemngai taka British sipaite tâna a hna thawh ṭhat hriatpui nân ‘Nightiangale Jewel’ an tih chawimawina a hlân a. British sawrkâr pawhin pawisa fai Pound 250, 000 zet a hlân bawk a. Heta ṭang hian Florence-i chu khawvêl hriat hlawh a lo ni ta hial a ni.

England lalnu Queen Victoria-in chawimawina ‘Nightiangale Jewel’ a hlân

            Khawvêl hriat a nih hnu hian a hming chawia nurse training center din duhna a lo awm ta a. Tichuan, kum 1855, November ni 29 khân nurse training center din nân Nightingale Fund an siam ta a. Royal Commisssion hial dinin chutah chuan Sidney Herbert-a chu Secretary of Fund atân ruat a ni a, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge chu chairman atân ruat a ni bawk. Nightingale Fund aṭanga an sum hmuh zawng zawng chu Pound 45,000 lai a lo tling ta hial a. Chûng sum hmang chuan London khawpuia St. Thomas Hospital-ah nurse hna zirna sikul hmasa ber ‘Nightingale Nursing Sikul’ tih chu July ni 8, 1860 khân din fel a lo ni ta a ni.

Florence Nightingale with some nurses in London ((1853)

England lalnu Queen Victoria leh British sawrkâr meuhvin chawimawina an hlân tâk avângin Nightingale tih hming chu England-ah mai ni lovin khawvêl pum puiah nasa takin a thang chhuak ta a. England mipuite pawhin thu leh hla leh thuziak chi hrang hrang hmangin an chawimawi a. Amah anga hmeichhe huaisen, tumruh leh nurse ropui nih duh ṭhalai an pung chho zêl a. Tûn hmaa nu leh pa tam takin an ngaihnêp êm êm nurse hna chu hna hnuaihnung leh hna tlâwmah tu mahin an ngai tawh lo. Mi lian leh thiltithei tak takte pawhin nurse hna chu hna zahawm leh hlu tak a ni tih an hre chiang tawh a, an fate pawh Florence-i Nurse Training Sikul-a kal tûrin an fuih nasa hlawm hle a ni. Florence-i Nurse Training Sikul chuan hriat a hlawh chho zêl a, chu chuan England ram chauh ni lovin khawvêl pum puiah Nursing reformation a rawn hring chhuak ta a ni.

            Kum 1858 vêl aṭangin Florence-i chu England hmun hrang hrangah zin kualin sipai damdawi in eng emaw zât a tlawh a, politician-te leh England rama mi hmingthang leh thiltithei tak takte kawmin damdawiin changtlung zâwk din dân tûrte a sawi rawtuipui ṭhîn a. Chuta a thil zir chhuah aṭang chuan mûmal taka damdawi in enkawl dân, thianghlimna kawng leh damdawi lam hriatna ‘Notes on Nursing’ tih lehkhabu a ziak a, chu lehkhabu chu kum 1860-ah a tichhuak a. A hun laia nurse zirna lehkhabu awm chhun a nih avângin England rama lehkhabu hralh kal ber pâwl a tling hial a ni.

The first page of Florence Nightingale’s book ‘Notes on Nursing: What it is, and what it is not.’ which was published in 1860

            Nightingale Nursing Sikul aṭanga nurse zir chhuakte chuan May ni 16, 1865 aṭangin Liverpool Workhouse Infirmary damdawi inah leh England ram chhûnga damdawi in hmun hrang hrangah hna an thawk ṭan a. Liverpool Workhouse Infirmary hi King’s College London enkawlna hnuaia awm niin ‘Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery’ tiin an ko ṭhîn a ni. Florence-i chuan mipui vântlâng tâna damdawi in ṭha tak tak sak belh zêl a nih theih nân England-ah leh Ireland-ah te nasa takin sum a zawng zêl a. Chuta ṭanga a sum hmuh chuan damdawi in ropui tak Royal Buckinghamshire Hospital tih chu sak a lo ni leh ta a ni.

International Nurse Day:

            Kum 1953-ah khân U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare-a hrisêlna leh zirna lama an hotu Dorothy Sutherland-i chuan America President Eisenhower-a hnênah ‘Nurses Day’ hman nî tûr tichianga nemnghet tûrin a lo ngên tawh ṭhîn a. Official-a phalna hmu lo mah se, America mipuite chuan May ni 12 chu ram pum huapa ‘Nurse Day’ atân hman an duh hlawm a. The International Council of Nurses (ICN) pawhin January 1974-ah chuan May ni 12 chu ‘Nurse Day’ atân khawvêl puma hmang tûrin a puang bawk a ni.

            Kum 2003 aṭang khân May 6-12 inkâr chu ‘National Nurses Week’ atân an hmang ṭhîn a. Nurse Week chhûnga Nilaini apiang chu ‘National School Nurse Day’ bîk atân an hmang ṭhîn a, May ni 14 erawh chu Nurse zirlaite Operation room-a an luh ni atân an hmang thung.

            Kum 1965 aṭangin May 12 hi modern nursing din chhuaktu Florence Nightingale-i pian champhaphâk denchhenin khawvêl pumah ‘International Nurses Day’ atâna kum tin hman ṭhîn a ni a, khawvêl puma nurse-te tâna ni pawimawh tak a ni a. Hemi ni hi a bîk takin mi dangte hrisêlna atâna rim tak leh hah taka hna thawk ṭhîn Nurse-ho chawimawi nân an hmang ṭhîn a ni.

A hun hnuhnûng leh a thih dân:

            Kum 1910, August thla aṭangin Florence-i hrisêlna chu a ṭha lo hle a. Doctor-ten theihtâwp chhuaha an enkawl hnu chuan a rawn ṭha chho leh deuh va. Mahse, August ni 12, 1910 Zirtâwp tlâi lam chuan a awm dân a rawn danglam ṭan a. A tûk August ni 13, 1910 Inrinni tlâi lam dâr 2-ah chuan nu ropui leh entawn tlâk Florence-i chu London khawpui, Mayfair, 10 South Street-a ama chênna inah kum 90 mi niin a boral ta a. Florence-i hian Pathian kohna chhângin mawhphurhna a kova innghat apiang chu taima tak leh rinawm takin a thawk zo va. A kotu Pathian tâna a rinawmna chu khawvêl tâna malsâwmna ropui ber niin vawiin thlengin ṭhang leh tharten chu malsâwmna chu a takin kan la chang ta zêl a ni.

Blue plaque for Nightingale in South Street, Mayfair, London

            A ruang chu London khawpuia mi ropui bîkte phûmna hmun, Westminster Abbey-a phûm an duh hle a; mahse, a dam laia a duhthusâm ang ngeiin an chhûngkaw thlân ro awmna East Wellow, Hampshire-a St. Margaret biak in kawtzâwlah mi pângngai leh mi narân angin an phûm ta zâwk a ni. Florence-i hian a lehkhabu ziah tawh sa, a la tihchhuah hman si loh tam tak a kalsan a. A hnathawh leh thiltih ropui takte chu khawvêl tân a hnutchhiah a, khawvêl pawhin Florence-i tih hming chu a theihnghilh leh ngai tawh dâwn lo a ni.

            Kum 1913-ah khân Francis William Sargant-a chuan sailungvâr mawi tak hmangin Florence-i lim a din a. Chu lîm mawi leh ropui tak chu Florence khuaa Santa Croce biak inah vawiin thlengin hmuh theihin a la ding reng a ni.

A thiltih leh sulhnute:

            Florence-i hian khawvêl pum huapa thiltih leh sulhnu a ngah hman hle a. Aigupta ramah pawh sipai damlo leh hliam tâwkte enkawl dân a zirtîr a. America tualchhûng buai lai (Civil War) pawh khân damdawi in ruahman dân leh nurse lama thurâwn petu ber a ni. Kum 1859 bawr vêl aṭang khân India rama British sipaite chu dam lohna chi hrang hrang leh tlâng hri lêng avângin an thi fo mai a. Royal Commission ngenna angin Florence-i chuan kum 1888-ah a training sikul aṭanga zir chhuak nurse 10 rual chu India rama British sipai damlote enkawl tûrin a tîr a. Indian Medical Service hnuaia nurse-te nên thawk hovin India ram hmun hrang hrangah sipai damlo leh mipui vântlâng tân damdawi inenkawlna center te an din a. An hma lâkna chuan India rama nurse-ho dinhmun pawh nasa takin a tihmasâwn a ni.

            A hnathawh ropui tak avângin kum 1859-ah Royal Statistical Soceity chuan Florence-i chu member atân a la lût a. Royal Statistical Society-a hmeichhe member an lâk luh hmasak ber a ni hial a ni. Royal Statistical Society-a member a nih hnu rei lo têah America sawrkâr pawhin American Statistical Assocition-ah honorary member atân a la lût ve nghâl bawk.

            Kum 1882 aṭangin Florence-i kut hnuaia zir zo nurse-ho chu khawvêl hmun hrang hrangah rawngbâwla feh chhuakin London khawpuia St. Mary’s Hospital-ah te, Westminster Hospital-ah te, St. Marylebone Workhouse Infirmary and the Hospital for Incurables-ah te, Royal Victoria Hospital-ah te, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary-ah te, Cumberland Infirmary-ah te, Liverpool Royal Infirmary-ah te leh Australia rama Sydney Hospital-ah te an thawk hlawm a, Nurse-te hmanga rawngbâwlna chuan khawvêl pum a fan chhuak ta vek a ni.

CHAWIMAWINA LEH A HMING CHAWIA THILTIHTE:

            Taima tak leh ṭhahnemngai taka mi dangte tâna a rawngbâwlna avângin kum 1883-ah khân Queen Victoria chuan chawimawina sâng tak Royal Red Cross a hlân a. Pope St. Jonh-a pawhin kum 1904-ah khân Lady of Grace of the Order of St John (LGStJ) a hlân bawk a. A mi hringpuite tâna a ṭhahnemngaihna leh damlo enkawlna kawnga a hma lâknate avângin khawvêla tlâwmngai pâwl lian ber Internation Red Cross Society leh khawvêla damdawi in ṭha leh lâr tak Royal Army Medical Corps a lo piang chhuak a. Chumi avâng chuan kum 1907-ah khân England ramlal Edward VII chuan a ram chhûnga chawimawina sâng ber ‘Order of Merit’ a hlân hial a, Order of Merit dawng tawhte zîngah chuan Florence-i hi Bristih sawrkârin hmeichhe zînga a hlân hmasak ber a ni nghe nghe a ni. Hêng bâkah hian British sawrkâr chuan kum 1908-ah khân civilian chawimawina sâng ber Honorary Freedom of the City of London a hlân bawk a, British sawrkâr chuan Florece-i chu a chhuang hle a ni.

          Turkey ram chhûngah ringawt pawh hian Florence Nightingale-i hming chawia an sak damdawi in pali lai mai a awm a. Sisli khawpuia private hospital lian ber Florence Nightingale Hospital te, Gayrettepe khawpuia Metropolitan Florence Nightingale Hospital te, Mecidiyeköy hmuna European Florence Nightingale Hospital te leh Kadiköy khawpuia Kiziltoprak Florence Nightingale Hospital te chu Florence-i hmingchawia an sak vek niin hêng damdawi inte hi Turkist Cardiology Foundation enkawlna hnuaia awm vek an ni.

        Kum 1912 khân Red Cross International Committee chuan Florence-i hriatrengna atân ‘Florence Nightingale Medal’ a buatsaih a. He chawimawina leh lâwmman hi khawvêl puma Nurse hna thawk ṭha bîkte hnênah kum hnih dan zêlah hlân ṭhîn a ni. He lâwmman hi nurse-te tâna lâwmman sâng ber a ni a, he lâwmman hmu tûr hian damlo zual tak takte enkawlna kawnga mi inpe zo leh vântlâng hrisêlna lama mi ṭhahnemngai bîk nihte a ṭûl a, râl hmuna damlote leh khuarêl chhiatna avânga damlo tuamhlawm ngaite ṭanpuina kawnga mi huaisen nihte a ṭûl bawk a ni.

A kutchhuakte:

            Florence-i hian hrisêlna chungchâng, nurse hna leh damdawi in nêna inkûngkaih lehkhabu 200 lai a ziak a. Crimea a awm laia sipai damlote a enkawl dân leh damdawi in enkawl dân a ziahna ‘Notes on Matters Affecting the Health, Efficiency and Hospital Administration of the British Army’ chu phêk 830 laia chhah a ni a. He a lehkhabu hian England rama War Office Administrative Department lam a tihmasâwn nasa hle a. Royal Commission for Health of the Army tih chu kum 1857 khân din a ni a, kum 1860-ah Thomas’ Hospital and the Nigtingale Training School for Nurses tih pawh din a ni bawk.

            A lehkhabu ziah zînga ‘Suggestions for Thought to Searchers after Religious Truth’ tih chu phêk 829 laia chhah niin volume thuma ṭhen a ni a. He lehkhabu hi kum 1806-ah khân private chhiar atân chhuah ni tawh mah se, publication kal tlanga chhuah erawh a la awm ngai lo. A hnuah chuan ‘Collected Works of Florence Nigtingale’ tiin hlawm khata siamin kum 1928-ah Ray Strachey publication chuan a tichhuak a. Chu lehkhabu vêk chu volume 16-a ṭhenin kum 2008-ah khân Wilfrid Laurier University-in uluk taka endikin an tichhuak leh a, khawvêla nurse zirna lehkhabu ṭha ber a tling hial a ni.          

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